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Abstract Objective Smoking is very common in Indonesia: among adults, around 66% of males and 7% of females are smokers. Smoking is not only harmful for people who smoke but also for people who are exposed to second-hand smoke on a regular basis. Previous research in various countries has shown a changing trend in smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite the high prevalence of smoking in Indonesia and the shifting trend during COVID-19, no studies have utilized machine learning to investigate the potential increase in daily cigarette consumption during the pandemic. This study aimed to predict the increase in daily cigarette consumption among smokers during the pandemic, focused on smokers selected from vaccination registrants in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Design Five machine learning algorithms were developed and tested to assess their performance: decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LoR), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and naive Bayes (NB). The results showed a significant difference in the number of cigarettes consumed daily before and during the pandemic (statistic=2.8, p=0.004). Setting This study is believed to be the first study prediction model to predict the increase of cigarette consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Results The study found that both DT and LoR algorithms were effective in predicting increased daily cigarette consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. They outperformed the other three algorithms in terms of precision, recall, accuracy, F1-score, sensitivity, and AUC (area under the curve operating characteristic curve). LoR showed a precision of 92%, recall of 99%, accuracy of 93%, F1-score of 96%, sensitivity of 91% and AUC of 78%, DT showed a precision of 88%, recall of 91%, accuracy of 81%, F1-score of 89%, sensitivity of 95% and AUC of 98%. Conclusion We recommend using the DT and LoR algorithms, as they demonstrated better prediction performance. This study can be used as a pilot study for predicting smokers continuing behaviour status and the possibility of smoking cessation promotion among smokers, this study is a short report, and we suggested expanding with more factors and a larger dataset to provide more informative and reliable results, The recommendations based on the current findings can serve as a starting point for initial actions and can be further validated and refined with larger-scale studies in the future.
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COVID-19 , Learning DisabilitiesABSTRACT
The price of rice at the retail level affects consumer welfare and influences inflation. The research objective was to study rice retail trader pricing behavior in traditional markets. This study employed an econometric model consisting of six equations of price spread between the retail market level and wholesale level of different rice qualities and grades. To overcome endogeneity problems due to the use of several equations that could cause potential bias, the simultaneous method with the 3SLS approach was deemed appropriate to use to obtain consistent and efficient coefficient estimates. The results show that, by examining the behavior of price spreads in the model, it can be deduced that rice retailers in the traditional market applied a price stabilization strategy. A lower price spread responded to an increase in price at the wholesale level. Rice retailers in traditional markets also implemented a price-averaging strategy. The results of this study have important policy implications for reducing food price volatility and its impact on inflation. That is, a price policy aimed at price stabilization at the retail level, as in this study, will be more effective if the price stabilization is focused on the wholesale level. However, if the pricing policy continues to be applied at the retail level, it must consider the relationships between different rice qualities and prices. This study also highlights the need for more intensive research on pricing behavior at the wholesale level.
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As the number of internet users continues to grow, smartphone addiction has become a significant problem among today's youths. This addiction is exacerbated by cyberloafing and personality traits, which can negatively impact productivity and efficiency in educational settings. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between smartphone addiction, personality traits, and cyberloafing behaviour among Malaysian youth. The study involved a sample of 150 urban youths aged 18 and above living in the Klang Valley area. Participants completed three questionnaires, the Short Form Smartphone Addiction Inventory Scale, Mini-International Personality Item Pool, and Cyberloafing Scale via an online survey. SPSS was used to analyse the data. The results showed that males had a higher level of smartphone addiction. Additionally, extraversion and conscientiousness were found to be strongly correlated with smartphone addiction. While cyberloafing behaviour was positively correlated with extraversion traits, there was no significant correlation with smartphone addiction. In conclusion, young adults with an extraversion personality trait are at a higher risk of smartphone addiction and cyberloafing activities. For future investigations, the effects of the endemic COVID-19 on smartphone addiction should be explored to discover other problematic Internet use behaviour © 2023, Asian Journal of University Education. All Rights Reserved.
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This study aimed to examine the socio-economic status (SES) of households and child nutrition prior to and during early pandemic. The SES measured the objective well-being of the households, and the subjective well-being measured the family's perception of wealth satisfaction. The child nutrition data before the pandemic was collected using a growth card and measured during pandemic using anthropometrics assessment (weight per age). Before the pandemic (January-March) in 2020, the percentage of underweight children increased. Then, it decreased consecutively in March and one month later. In addition, the study showed that mothers' education related to children's nutrition before and during early pandemic. © 2023 UPM Press. All rights reserved.
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The focus of this research is to identify the dynamics of regional economic development through digital trends towards tourist visits and the promotion of tourist destinations in the Lake Toba area during the F1 Powerboat World Championship (F1H2O) event on Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Through the conduct of online research methods (ORMs) in diagnosing digital social issues and trends regarding the events, the results show that there was an effort to maximize the increase in regional economic development, by utilizing the potential and attractiveness of holding the F1 Powerboat as part of sports tourism. As an event aims to spur the movement of domestic tourists to super-priority destination areas, the implementation of the F1 Powerboat event is not only a driving force in the recovery and improvement of the local economy after the COVID-19 Pandemic, but also a venue for the promotion of other tourist destinations in North Sumatra. However, the positive impacts of this event organization on sustainable economic growth in the surrounding areas is not without reservations. The event has received some negative feedback, which include the problems of event preparation and implementation, and also the limited awareness of local community tourism. This research suggests that in order to achieve sustainable regional development and urban resilience, the future organization of sport tourism events should not only focus on the economic objectives, but also on the other aspects including socio-cultural and environmental perspectives. © 2023 by the authors.
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Context: Although have been proven able to control the prevalence of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are reported to have possible side effects on the heart. Aims: To know the magnitude of adverse events in the cardiac after messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based vaccination. Methods: An electronic search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Ebsco/Cinahl was performed. The keywords were: "COVID-19 vaccine”, "SARS-CoV-2 vaccine”, "myocarditis”, "myopericarditis”, "pericarditis”, "myocardial infarction”, and "myocardial injury”. The electronic search was updated until March 2022. STATA/MP Statistical Software: Release 14 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas) was used in this study to perform a meta-analysis of a random-effect for myocarditis, pericarditis, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and myocardial injury. Results: Twenty-one case reports/case series studies with a total of 62 individuals who had been vaccinated against COVID-19 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) were included in the systematic review. Whereas seven observational cohort studies had 170,053,333 people who had been vaccinated, 245 of whom had myocarditis. In addition, two observational cohort studies with 13,948,595 vaccinated individuals, 16 of whom developed pericarditis. There was only one observational cohort study that had a total of 7,183,889 people who had been vaccinated and 11 had myopericarditis. Based on the pooled incidence, the result is <0.002%. Conclusions: The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines have a low incidence of myocarditis. Men are more likely to develop post-COVID-19 myocarditis with an average age of 22 years and in the age range of 21-40 years. The type of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine that causes myocarditis the most is Pfizer. The diagnosis of myocarditis is mostly made by troponin examination. COVID-19 mRNA vaccination has a low incidence of myocarditis. © 2023 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research.
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The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections upon Indonesian health care workers (HCWs) is unknown due to the lack of systematic collection and analysis of mortality data specific to HCWs in this setting. This report details the results of a systematic compilation, ion and analysis of HCW fatalities in Indonesia during the first 18 months of COVID-19. HCW who passed away between March 2020 and July 2021 were identified using Pusara Digital, a community-based digital cemetery database dedicated to HCW. We calculated the mortality rates and death risk ratio of HCWs versus the general population. The analysis indicates that at least 1,545 HCWs died during the study period. Death rates among males and females HCWs were nearly equivalent (51% vs. 49%). The majority were physicians and specialists (535, 35%), nurses (428, 28%), and midwives (359, 23%). Most deaths occurred between the ages of 40 to 59 years old, with the median age being 50 years (IQR: 39–59). At least 322 deaths (21%) occurred with pre-existing conditions, including 45 pregnant women. During the first 18 months of COVID-19 in Indonesia, we estimated a minimum HCW mortality rate of 1.707 deaths per 1,000 HCWs. The provincial rates of HCW mortality ranged from 0.136 (West Sulawesi) to 5.32 HCW deaths per 1,000 HCWs (East Java). The HCW mortality rate was significantly higher than that of the general population (RR = 4.92, 95% CI 4.67–5.17). The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia resulted in the loss of many hundreds of HCWs, the majority of whom were senior healthcare workers. The HCW mortality rate is five times that of the general population. A national systematic surveillance of occupational mortality is urgently needed in this setting.
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BACKGROUND: Biomarkers that are cost-effective and accurate for predicting severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed. We would like to assess the role of various inflammatory biomarkers on admission as disease severity predictors and determine the optimal cut-off of the neutrophile-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for predicting severe COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in six hospitals in Bali and recruited real-time PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients aged >18 y from June to August 2020. Data collection included each patient's demographic, clinical, disease severity and hematological data. Multivariate and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 95 Indonesian COVID-19 patients were included. The highest NLR among severe patients was 11.5±6.2, followed by the non-severe group at 3.3±2.8. The lowest NLR was found in the asymptomatic group (1.9±1.1). The CD4+ and CD8+ values were lowest in the critical and severe disease groups. The area under the curve of NLR was 0.959. Therefore, the optimal NLR cut-off value for predicting severe COVID-19 was ≥3.55, with sensitivity at 90.9% and a specificity of 16.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Lower CD4+ and CD8+ and higher NLR values on admission are reliable predictors of severe COVID-19 among Indonesian people. NLR cut-off ≥3.55 is the optimal value for predicting severe COVID-19.
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Many countries, including Indonesia, were gravely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. While younger people were rarely severely affected by an infection, they still served as important spreaders of the disease. Therefore, the knowledge, perception and attitudes regarding COVID-19 of a mostly younger population was assessed in this study using a quantitative survey and semi-structured questionnaire. Out of 15 questions on COVID-19, males answered fewer questions (-1.26) correctly. Persons reporting more diseases in the last year (+0.49 per disease) that lived in a central area of Indonesia, and that had a better socio-economic status defined through household condition scores, had better knowledge of the symptoms, causes of and measures against COVID-19. Better knowledge independently predicted more responsible attitudes and stated behavior. Knowledge and understanding should be enhanced through information campaigns targeted specifically towards men, persons with poor socio-economic backgrounds and those living in the periphery of the state.
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COVID-19 , Male , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Indonesia/epidemiology , Pandemics , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Surveys and Questionnaires , PerceptionABSTRACT
Background: Nursing care contributes to the safety and the quality of care of patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses became frontline care providers. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using an online focus group discussion of eight nurse committee members from six hospitals. After the data were collected, the study continued with inductive thematic analysis. The data were organized and extracted to identify meaningful statements and formulate meanings. Inductive thematic analysis was used, resulting in three themes and six subthemes. Results: The themes related to managing the nursing workforce, schedules, rosters, shifts, goals of re-design staffing, and the nurse-patient ratio. Conclusions: The management of the nursing staffing was modified to protect nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The nurse manager redesigned workforce planning to ensure a safe environment for nurses.
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This study investigates the contribution of teachers' willingness to their professional competence in adapting to digital learning transformation during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and its relationship to instructional leadership and self-efficacy. Data were collected by distributing online questionnaires consisting of 4 constructs, namely instructional leadership, self-efficacy, teacher's willingness to change, and professional competence, and distributed to 221 Indonesian High School teachers. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used for analysis using Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) version 23.0 to examine the hypotheses. The results showed that instructional leadership significantly influences teachers' willingness to change with a positive impact on their professional competence. Furthermore, there is a significant effect on teachers' willingness to change their professional competence, insignificant on self-efficacy with substantial impacts on their willingness to change. The analysis results through the Sobel test showed that the teachers' willingness to change is an excellent mediating variable for self-efficacy in influencing professional competence. Conversely, it is not an excellent mediating variable for instructional leadership towards professional competence. The importance of teachers' willingness to improve their professional competence is a new finding that significantly contributes to their professional development.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has not ended yet. Therefore, laboratory tests are very important for determining the diagnosis of Covid-19. At this case, PCR is the gold standard in laboratory tests. Therefore, the accuracy of the PCR assay should be a major concern. This study aims to evaluate the validation results of several Covid-19 PCR reagent kits. A total of 10 positive and negative clinical samples were used as test samples. DNA extraction was performed using a commercial reagent kit. PCR examination was carried out using four different blinded commercial reagent kits. The results of the examination were compared in each sample. The results showed that Reagents kit A, C, and D gave the same results for each sample, namely five positive and five negative samples. Reagent kit B showed different results, namely eight positive samples and two negative samples. A total of 3 (33.3%) of the 10 sample examinations indicated inaccurate results for Reagent kit B. The Reagent kit B test results using two different boxes showed different results with seven positive results by box 1, while eight positive results by another box. In conclusion, 1 out of 4 tested Covid-19 PCR kit reagents gave inaccurate results. Therefore, in covid-19 testing laboratories, it is recommended to choose a PCR reagent kit that has been approved by a trusted organization and perform reagent validation tests. © 2023 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.
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The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections upon Indonesian health care workers (HCWs) is unknown due to the lack of systematic collection and analysis of mortality data specific to HCWs in this setting. This report details the results of a systematic compilation, abstraction and analysis of HCW fatalities in Indonesia during the first 18 months of COVID-19. HCW who passed away between March 2020 and July 2021 were identified using Pusara Digital, a community-based digital cemetery database dedicated to HCW. We calculated the mortality rates and death risk ratio of HCWs versus the general population. The analysis indicates that at least 1,545 HCWs died during the study period. Death rates among males and females HCWs were nearly equivalent (51% vs. 49%). The majority were physicians and specialists (535, 35%), nurses (428, 28%), and midwives (359, 23%). Most deaths occurred between the ages of 40 to 59 years old, with the median age being 50 years (IQR: 39-59). At least 322 deaths (21%) occurred with pre-existing conditions, including 45 pregnant women. During the first 18 months of COVID-19 in Indonesia, we estimated a minimum HCW mortality rate of 1.707 deaths per 1,000 HCWs. The provincial rates of HCW mortality ranged from 0.136 (West Sulawesi) to 5.32 HCW deaths per 1,000 HCWs (East Java). The HCW mortality rate was significantly higher than that of the general population (RR = 4.92, 95% CI 4.67-5.17). The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia resulted in the loss of many hundreds of HCWs, the majority of whom were senior healthcare workers. The HCW mortality rate is five times that of the general population. A national systematic surveillance of occupational mortality is urgently needed in this setting.
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The way humans socialize and communicate is affected by the existence social media. Similarly, education is also undergoing transformation due to social media. Blended or online learning is more commonly used. Further, the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this transformation. This paper describes an educational innovation in which TikTok (a social media platform that allows for creating and sharing video of which the users have increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic) was used as learning media. A total of 75 pharmacy students participated in this study. The data were analyzed using independent-sample t-test. The results revealed that TikTok brought a significant effect on academic achievement. The students also showed a positive response to the use of TikTok, in which 84% of the students found it easier to understand to course materials using TikTok, 80% of the students had better motivation to study course materials. This way, it is recommended to use TikTok as a teaching-learning tool regarding the fact that this platform can help improve the learning achievement of pharmacy students. © 2022 Author(s).
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The restriction of social mobility and activity during the COVID-19 pandemic has been implemented to stop the deadly transmission of the SARS-CoV2 virus. People are forced to stay at home and strictly perform the COVID-19 health protocol in their daily activities. Currently, a continuous self-maintenance of the health, including oral health, is considered the best strategy worldwide. This community service activity aimed to assess the knowledge of the urban and rural adult community about oral health, comorbidity, and the quality of life (QoL) during this pandemic situation by using a pre-and post-test quasi-experimental design with an intervention of health-knowledge sharing using leaflets and videos, and a WHOQOL 2012 questionnaire to study the QoL. Paired t-test was used as statistical analysis. Total respondents were 131 (n = 76 for urban and n = 55 for rural), selected using the purposive sampling method. There was a significant difference between the results of the pre-test and post-test in both urban and rural groups (t count ranged from 1.69 to 5.98;p <0.05). Based on the WHOQOL 2012 questionnaire, both urban (90.79%) and rural (87.27%) respondents indicated a good QoL, while the remaining was scored as medium. Physical conditions/pain was the main domain that directly affects the QoL in both communities. It could be concluded that the knowledge-sharing intervention to the community gave a good impact in enhancing the knowledge of the respondents, however, a continuous program should be further carried out for better results. © 2022, Universitas Negeri Semarang. All rights reserved.
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The Coronavirus that appeared in (COVID-19), caused by SARSCoV-2, started at Wuhan in the Hubei province of China and has spread with great speed around the world;it has caused a severe health crisis all around the world, including Indonesia. This study aims to use a clustering technique to assess the risk of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, based on data obtained between March 2020 and July 2021 in that country (http://www.covid19.go.id). Provinces in Indonesia were grouped based on COVID-19 infection rates and mortality data. Since the data con-tained some outliers, i.e. provinces with a very high number of cases, we used a robust clustering method;this method is sensitive to outliers. The analysis was performed using the Trimmed k-means clustering method. Based on the results of this study, with four provinces detected as outliers in the data, there were three optimal clusters with the maximum separation index. Cluster 1 consisted of 14 provinces, and clusters 2 and 3 consisted of 10 and 6 provinces, respectively. The four outliers, i.e. Jakarta, West Java, Central Java and East Java, formed a separate cluster. © 2022 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.
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Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bogor City Government regulated to cover the health financing claim during the Indonesian National Health Insurance (NHI) integration period due to the lower amount of health care claim per episode in regional hospitals compared to ones that NHI paid. This study aimed to address post-COVID-19 health financing at two hospitals in Bogor City, West Java Province, Indonesia. Descriptive analysis using the aggregate statistical summaries was taken to explore the medical care episodes of the data series at two hospitals for the last two years. Of the 890 checked medical records data, the deficit occurred in 197 (22.1%) medical care episodes, while five (0.6%) exceeded the hospitals' tariffs. The remaining 688 (77.3%) medical care episodes had suits with the Indonesian-Case Based Groups. Almost a quarter of medical care episodes in aggregate experienced a deficit in the two years before the pandemic. This study is the first to provide new insight into the discussion on medical care financing in a developing country's post-pandemic era in a newly-implemented NHI system. Copyright © 2022 Kesmas.
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Background and Aims: This study aims to analyze the relationship between gender, age, occupation, residence, and anxiety in the education environment during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: This study used a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional design to determine anxiety using the DASS 42 questionnaire given to 181 respondents. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, and the data analysis used was the Chi-square test and multivariate analysis. Results: It was found that 66.7% of teenagers experienced anxiety, while 33.3% of adults experienced anxiety. In addition, the school-age community (86.2%) experienced higher anxiety compared with the working-age community (13.8%) who experienced anxiety. Women experienced more significant anxiety (66.7%) compared with men (33.3%). People living on the island of Java (74.7%) have a greater incidence of anxiety compared with people living outside Java (25.3%). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the type of occupation and the incidence of anxiety with p < 0.05 (OR = 0.341). A significant correlation was found between age with the incidence of anxiety with p < 0.05 (OR = 0.489). The demographic factors altogether had significant relationships with the anxiety in the educational environment during the COVID-19 pandemic with a p value < 0.05 and R Square of 0.069. There is a strong relationship between the demographic factors and the incidence of anxiety in the community's educational environment during the COVID-19 pandemic with p < 0.05. It is suggested that women, school-age communities, or the un-employment community need to be supported to alleviate the impact of COVID-19 on anxiety through several programs.
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Background: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a new type of virus named SARS-CoV-2. There is still no specific treatment for COVID-19;the antibiotic is used for therapy and to prevent severe disease, so the increasing use of antibiotics in COVID-19 patients will lead to a detrimental impact and the risk of antibiotic resistance. Purpose: This study aims to analyze antibiotic use frequency and determine the number of DDD per 100 bed-days in July - December 2020 at Bhayangkara Hospital Surabaya.
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The use of natural fibers or particles as alternative raw materials for particleboard production is essential due to the shrinking forest area. Currently, dung waste from the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is being used as a raw material for particleboard due to its high fiber content. Although the product still has inferior mechanical and physical characteristics, it can be improved by layering bamboo. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance the mechanical and physical qualities of elephant dung particleboard by adding layers of bamboo. The particleboard constructed had three layers; namely, the face and back in the form of a bamboo layers, as well as the core, which was in the form of elephant dung. The elephant dung was evenly mixed with isocyanate adhesive using a spray gun, and the bamboo layers were coated with adhesive on one side of the surface. The sample was subjected to a hot press at a temperature of 150 °C and 30 kg/cm2 pressure for 10 min. Generally, JIS A 5908-2003 is the specification used to test the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. During the experiment, the characteristics examined include density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and internal bonding, which were enhanced by using layers of bamboo. The results showed that the physical properties of the particleboard with bamboo layers were a density of 0.62-0.69 g/cm3, a moisture content of 7.87-10.35%, water absorption of 38.27-68.58%, and a thickness swelling of 10.87-30.00%, which met the minimum standards of JIS A 5908-2003. The mechanical characteristics had values for the modulus of elasticity of 1952-7282 MPa, the modulus of rupture of 20.44-68.27 MPa, and the internal bonding of 0.16-0.38 MPa, which met the JIS A 5908-2003 standard. Based on these results, the particleboard with Belangke bamboo layers was the best in this study.